International Women’s Day, or mahila divas, highlights the progress and challenges faced by women in India, particularly in political representation.
What does mahila divas reveal about women’s representation in India?
International Women’s Day, known as mahila divas, raises a critical question: how far has India come in terms of women’s representation in politics? The answer is that while progress has been made, significant challenges remain. As of 2024, the proportion of women contesting Lok Sabha elections has increased from a mere 3% in 1957 to 10% today, indicating a gradual shift towards greater female participation in governance.
Current Representation and Historical Context
The total number of elected women members in the Lok Sabha has risen from 22 in its first session to 78 in the 17th Lok Sabha and 74 in the 18th Lok Sabha, representing approximately 13.6% of the total members. In the Rajya Sabha, the number of women members has increased from 15 in 1952 to 42 currently, which is about 17% of the total. These figures reflect a slow but steady improvement in women’s representation in Indian politics.
Impact of Legislative Changes
Recent legislative changes have also played a role in enhancing women’s political participation. The Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023, reserves one-third of all seats for women in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. This landmark decision is expected to come into effect after the next nationwide census and subsequent delimitation exercise, with implementation projected for the 2029 general elections.
Women in Local Governance
At the grassroots level, India boasts approximately 14.5 lakh Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), accounting for about 46% of the total elected representatives. This significant representation at the local level underscores the potential for women to influence governance and policy-making from the ground up.
Comparative Analysis and Global Context
Despite these advancements, the current representation of women in the Lok Sabha stands at 14%, while globally, women constitute 27% of Members of Parliament (MPs). Furthermore, only six countries have achieved 50% or more women in parliament in their single or lower houses. This highlights the ongoing gender disparity in political representation, both in India and worldwide.
Political Parties and Women’s Representation
Political parties in India have varied records when it comes to women’s representation. The All India Trinamool Congress (TMC) has over 37% of its members as women, showcasing a more progressive approach compared to other major parties. Questions have been raised by political figures such as Derek O’Brien, who has asked, “How many women MPs do the biggest five political parties have in Parliament?” This inquiry reflects a growing concern about the gender balance in political representation.
Reflections from History
Historical figures like Indira Gandhi, who served as Prime Minister from 1966 to 1977 and again from 1980 until her assassination in 1984, have paved the way for future generations of women leaders. Gandhi was often referred to as ‘the only man in the Indian government’ during her tenure, a testament to the challenges women face in leadership roles. Her quote, “I consider it an insult… Why should I be considered a man when I am not?” resonates with many women today who strive for equality on their own terms.
The Road Ahead
As we celebrate mahila divas, it is essential to acknowledge both the progress made and the challenges that lie ahead. Currently, 16% of presiding officers globally are women, indicating that while strides have been made, there is still a long way to go for true gender parity in leadership. The women’s reservation Bill, once implemented, could significantly alter the landscape of women’s representation in India. However, details remain unconfirmed regarding the specific timeline for its enactment.
